Clamp and clamp stand Essay Example for Free

Clamp and clamp stand Essay In this project I am going to investigate rates of reaction of an indigestion tablet when added to hydrochloric acid. The variable I am going to use will be the temperature of the acid. (All background knowledge used in this project was taken from previous experience notes and experiments from work done in year nine) What are rates of reaction? The rate of a reaction is the speed at which a reactant is turned into the product. Chemical reactions can take place at very different rates (eg. explosions, rock formations). A rate is measured as: A change in something (eg.loss of mass/mass of gas given off) Divided by The time it takes to change/disappear Rates of reactions can be measured in two different ways: How fast reactants disappear How fast products appear Many factors affect rates of reaction:   Surface area The greater the surface area of a solid, the greater the area of the particles that is exposed and likely to collide with other particles, meaning more successful collisions can take place per second. Therefore reaction between acid and a finely powdered salt will take place faster than a reaction between the same acid and a lump of salt. Concentration of solutions The rate of a reaction increases as the concentration of the solution increases. This is because there are more solute particles to collide with a fixed volume of solvent particles. Therefore more successful collisions take place. The rate of a reaction is directly proportional to its concentration (i. e. as concentration doubles, rate doubles. ) (This is assuming that any reactions taking place are not exothermic and that no other variables are changed)   Temperature The rate of reaction increases as the temperature increases. This is because at a higher temperature the particles move around faster (due to heat energy being converted into kinetic energy) and have more chance of colliding with each other. Also, there is a greater chance of effective collisions. However, unlike concentration, this is not proportional. As the temperature begins to increase, the rate increases slowly, but as it gets higher the rate increases faster, creating a curved graph.   Catalysts Catalysts are substances which increase the rates of chemical reactions but are not used up or altered in any way altered themselves. They provide an alternative method of collision requiring less energy. (eg. enzymes in the body are natural catalysts). Pressure of Gases When the pressure of a gas is increased, the molecules have less space to move around in. This increase in concentration makes them collide more often. What is Collision Theory? Collision theory states that the more successful collisions per second there are, the higher the rate of reaction. In order for a collision to be successful (or effective) there needs to be enough energy, speed and strength to break the bonds in the colliding molecules. Collisions between molecules are stronger at higher temperatures. In an ineffective reaction, the molecules just rebound off each other. My Experiment I am going to investigate the relationship between rates of reaction and temperature. I chose temperature because it is easy to keep the concentration constant and from previous experiments I have noticed the graph has more points of interest than that of concentration (see page 2). I could do this in two different ways:   Measure how fast reactants disappear This can be measured either by weighing a solution before and after to check mass change, or by sight (for example seeing how long it takes before a cross under a cloudy solution is no longer visible. ) The latter is inaccurate and not easily measurable as human error plays too large a part. However, I could weigh the mixture before and afterwards   Measure how fast products appear This can be measured in many different ways, depending on the state of the product. If it is a gas, the gas can be collected and measured in a gas syringe. First, I need to look at the equations for the reactions of the active ingredients in the tablets with the acid. These active ingredients are: Magnesium Carbonate Calcium Carbonate Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate General Equation: These equations show that the final products are a metal salt, water and carbon dioxide. I can either measure the mass before and after adding the tablet to the hydrochloric acid or collect the gas given off. I chose to measure the gas (after my preliminary experiments see page 7) because:   I think this method can be modified to produce good results. Also in the preliminary experiments I worked out a good volume of gas to collect (see page 7). It does rely on human judgement (in starting and stopping the stopclock) but all other methods involving timing do also. Within this, there are two different ways that the gas given off can be measured:   I can measure how long it takes for the reaction to give off a fixed volume of gas.   I can see how much gas is given off in a certain time. I am going to use the first method, as I think that the stopclock will be more accurate than the gas syringe as I only want to measure the time to the nearest second. Also the gas syringe only has markings every for every 5cmi of gas given off, and therefore it would be easier to measure to a marking on the syringe. Prediction and Hypothesis. I predict that as the temperature increases, the rate of reaction will increase also. This is because at a higher temperature there is more heat energy to be converted into kinetic energy, making the particles move around faster. Faster moving particles have more chance of colliding with each other and the greater quantity of heat and energy means more effective collisions are created. As I wrote earlier (see page 2), a graph of temperature/rate should look like this: a. Because the two wouldnt mix at 0i C or less I have to start at a temperature above that. Therefore the graph wont go through the origin. b. To begin with the rate of reaction rises slowly. c. It increases faster as the temperature increases, giving a line which gets rapidly steeper. Plan NB. Although this is the final plan for the actual experiments, a lot of the volumes and other measurements werent worked out until the preliminary experiments were done (see pages 6, 7 and 8). In the preliminary experiment section I have specified the areas that I was investigating.   Get out equipment as specified.   Measure out 50cmi of hydrochloric acid (concentration 4mol/dmi ) into a conical flask using a burette. Measure the temperature of the solution and adjust it until it is the required temperature (by adding more cold/hot water into the beaker its in).   Make sure the gas syringe is back to 0.   Add two whole tablets to the solution, put the bung in and start the stopclock (or get someone else to start the stopclock).   Swirl the solution gently to aid the reaction. When 50cm i of gas has been collected stop the stopclock   Remove the bung from the conical flask to avoid too much gas being collected. Note the temperature and the time taken.   Repeat the experiment, and then do the same for six other temperatures. To ensure that this is a fair test, there should only be one variable, temperature. Therefore the temperature of the acid is the only thing that I should change. I should try to keep the volume of acid the same (by using a burette), keep the concentration of acid the same, only use whole tablets (to keep the surface area the same) and try to swirl the acid in the same way each time. Range and Readings Before the preliminary experiments I had decided to take six readings, all with repeats. These readings would have been either five or 10i C apart and would have ranged from approximately . During the preliminary experiments I investigated this further (see page 8), and revised this original method. However, I did realise beforehand that there were several different ways I could get temperatures of 50i C. I could use a Bunsen burner to heat the acid or I could stand the acid in a beaker full of boiling or hot water. The second method seemed the best because it was easily controllable, the temperature wouldnt rise too quickly, and you could also stand the acid in ice to cool it to 10i C. I didnt change this part of the method, as it seemed to work effectively. Equipment Use Conical flask. This will hold the hydrochloric acid and the tablets. It needs to have a bung in it and a tube with a bend in it which can be connected to the gas syringe, to stop any gas escaping during the reaction. As I am using two whole tablets, I dont need to have one with a particularly wide neck. Clamp and clamp stand These will hold the gas syringe at the correct height to connect to the conical flask. Gas syringe This will measure the volume of gas given off during the reaction, or the length of time it takes to give off a given volume of gas (50cmi ). It should measure to the nearest cmi. Burette This will be used to measure out 50cmiof hydrochloric acid accurately (it measures to half a cmi , and therefore is more accurate than for example a measuring cylinder. ) Thermometer This will be used to ensure the temperature is kept correct and constant leading up to the experiment. It measures to half a degree. Tub I will stand the conical flask in a tub full of hot water/ice which will bring the acid to the temperature needed. Stopclock This will time how long it takes to collect 50cmi of gas. This should be accurate to the nearest second. Diagram of Equipment Safety Certain safety precautions must be taken when using acids and other potentially harmful substances: Goggles must be worn to protect eyes. This is especially important as I am heating acid (although gently) and hot acid may spit before or during the reaction.   If there are spills with corrosive acids they must be cleaned up immediately and thoroughly to prevent accidents (for example slipping on acid), and any skin that comes into contact with the acid must be thoroughly washed. Hands should be washed anyway after using acid.   After my experiment I must make sure that everything is cleared away effectively. I must not leave any acid or other substances out to prevent it becoming a safety hazard.

The Red Badge Of Courage :: essays research papers fc

In The Red Badge of Courage, Stephen Crane uses fear to bring you into the story and keep you there. Crane’s main character Henry, â€Å"the youth†, is the prime example for this point. Henry’s fear is the entire novel’s basis. Throughout the story, Henry goes through different phases of fear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry starts out to be a rebellious teen wanting to join the army and gain the glory and recognition that comes with it. He fails to realize that fame and glory don’t come easy. He realizes that he is going to have to work for it and this is where his fear stems from. Once enlisted, Henry finds himself on the field of an ensuing battle. He debates if he will fight with his side, or run off into the woods. The battle starts, and Henry keeps to his position through sheer fear of dying. When the opposing side appears to retreat, the Union side celebrates pre-maturely. Moments later, the South re-groups and attacks again. Henry this time does not stay and fight. The first wave was hard enough and this time Henry is too afraid to stay. As he ran into the woods, he began to question the slaughter he had witnessed in the battle. When Henry comes out of the woods into another regiment another soldier slams him over the head, giving him a false red badge of courage, for not letting go of him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry, scared and wounded, stumbles in the dark overcoming a great fear of the Southern army, by wandering through dark and unknown land, to find his way back to camp. He finds a friend who leads him to his regiment. Henry, afraid of what his regiment will think of him, begins to think of a story to make his injury seem realistic. Trying not to give away it’s actual origin, Henry comes up with a gunshot wound story. His regiment gives him the glory he wanted, but under false circumstances. In the following days, another battle takes place. Henry fearing again what his regiment would think of him has to stay and fight. Henry is so into keeping the origin of his wound hidden that he stands behind a tree and fires shot after shot towards the army. He continues to fire after the rebels had retreated; another soldier had to stop him. Henry is seen as a great soldier.

Apple International Marketing Essay

1. If you would be working for Apple (Ipad or Iphone) what strategies would you pursue in order avoid situation like what is happening today to Nokia Apple Inc. has already had a spectacular break-through in the technological race when it firstly released Iphone in 2007. Since when, there was a revolution in the technology field especially, in the Personal Computer (PC) industry involves: smartphone and tablet computer. If I worked for Apple Inc., in order to retain as well as to enhance the position of Apple in Today’s market, I would apply, deploy and develop the Relationship marketing with â€Å"Differentiation† strategies based on 4P includes: Product-Price-Promotion-Place. Product Firstly, people have to admit the truth that the present success of Apple was built on the brilliant products. Compared to Nokia, Apple already created a key competitive advantage that raises company to a new level. The failure of Nokia was a cost lesson for others mobile phone manufacturer in the world. The main reasons leading Nokia to this moment situation is company already missed a valuable opportunity in smartphone revolution as well as its products. Even though, later on Nokia unveiled smartphone Lumia but it did not satisfy the consumers’ demand and expectation. Nokia product’s designs are not attractive and fashionable as Iphone. In addition, the products are outdated interface, lack of applications and outdated technologies compared to Apple’s products. Consequently, Nokia loose its leading brand value in the mobile phone industry. Meanwhile, Apple realized and took that opportunity then turned it into huge success. Hence, Apple should continue the product differentiation strategy. It mainly focuses on investing more in creating and developing the new and innovative technologies, which are totally different from competitors’. The products should be usually updated and upgraded in both its particular outlook (thinnest, most lightweight, unique, fashionable and outstanding) and functions (convenient, ease-use, support applications and service etc.). This is the only way to make company continue keep its crown as innovator in the intensive technological competition. Price Secondly, despite the Apple is assessed as â€Å"the tech industry’s high-price leader† with Premium price, people are still willing to purchase its products at a particular price. The main point is price set based on the â€Å"product Differentiation strategies†. Therefore, in order to exist and grow in the price war, the company not only retain the same price strategy but also use more the pricing Skimming and Reference strategies: launching a same product line but in different price points depending on the features and drive capacities. It may be better for Apple than using the penetration pricing strategies by suddenly decreasing the price to expand or approach new market. Promotion In order to get the large impact from media and society, one key in the Apple’s marketing is its traditional promotion strategies by creating hype and excitement before the launch of products. Apple is considered as â€Å"Phenomenon† and each marketing communication relating to â€Å"Word of mouth† created huge impact on consumer behavior. Organizing significant campaigns with special slogan to introduce and get emotional response about the new products, which concentrate on the consumer psychology: the curiousness, self-esteem, desire and passion in new technologies Place Finally, expanding and opening new multi-distribution channels with high sales volume (retail store chain and online sales). Simultaneously, more creating the strong relationship with worldwide retail partners. In conclusion, Relationship Marketing based on â€Å"Differentiation strategies† focusing on customer retention and satisfaction, which in order to enhance, increase customer loyalty and sustainable development. Apple Inc. has to understand the market dynamic to keep its track as market driven by inventing the unique and creative product lines as well as innovation technology. 2. On the other hand, if you would be working for a competitor of Apple (Tablet or mobile), what strategies would you adopt in order to compete against Apple Apple (Iphone and Ipad) is considered as the biggest rival in the PC industry of Samsung (Galaxy S), Nokia (Lumia), Google (Nexus), Amazon (Kindle Fire). Even though, Apple has been dominating the PC industry but its target market selection is â€Å"Market specialization†. The weakness of Apple is the limited market share because of the premium price and most Apple content can only run on its selected devices. If we are competitors of Apple, we can use the Apple’s strategies to compete against it. It means we should also apply the â€Å"Differentiation strategies† to provide more perceived value to consumer. Every time, Apple releases new product or any application, we might prepare to create and unveil our amazing different products with adding more value proposition. Take for instances, to accompany with product, we can offer new innovative or free (or low cost charge) applications, software, movies, TV shows, games, e-books, cloudy computing or even more drive capacity etc. Although, we do not have as strong customer loyalty as Apple has, our competitive advantage is offering the same product’s quality with a competitive price which is less than Apple’s but still not too low to confirm our position in the market. In addition, as some Apples’s competitors (eg: Kindle of Amazon) did, they used the bundle pricing strategies combine two or more products and sell these at a reduced price or offer programs: buy once but easy to access content on other devices ipad, iphone, tablets . Then little by little getting the expansion international scale with â€Å"Full market coverage† (different product lines suitable for every customers) through different market entries, distribution channels and marketing communication campaigns. 3. Make a SWOT analysis for Apple (Ipad and Iphone) Apple’s SWOT analysis a. Define what are the biggest threats and opportunities for Apple in the future Threats Nowadays, the high technology industry seems to be in the â€Å"Saturation† but in the future, people still believe there would be remarkable changes. In the future, the most threats that Apple may face is the intensive and high level in technology competition. The threats might be coming from both existing and emerging competitors. The growing in the market share leads to the consequence that there growth in perception and needs/demands of customers. In addition, there are more and more counterfeit and fake products overflowing market that affect directly to the company image and sales. If Apple cannot find the solution, soon company is surpassed by others competitors. Opportunities: Ranking as a top leading innovator brings many open-opportunities for Apple. The biggest opportunity of Apple is changes in technology offer new and innovative products. The company can even get and deploy from the outsourcing for its research and development. Creating the technology revolution and changing desire of information age affecting to most generations. As one of the most famous philosophies of strategic marketing pioneer – Regis McKenna: â€Å"Markets for new innovative products do not exist, they have to be created, and defined†. Therefore, creating and expanding the product/service lines by Apple could help them define its market, raise sales and increase their product portfolio. b. Define what are the biggest strengths and weaknesses of Apple today Strengths In 2012, this is the second time when Apple is ranked the world’s most valuable brand according to â€Å"The 2012 BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands†. It is said that the Apple’s brand success is driven by three elements confidence, competence and customers. Might be the reason why people purchase Apple’s product because they just care about its brand and image. As the David Haigh stated in the annual report on the world’s most valuable global brands: â€Å"Brands are the most valuable assets in business today. They drive demand, motivate staff, secure business partners and reassure financial markets. Leading edge organizations recognize the need to understand brand equity and brand value when making strategic decisions† – David Haigh, CEO, Brand Finance plc. Apple is successful in creating its identity and emotional branding that all most the whole world can recognize. Long term brand building will engage consumers on a variety of touch points that create the high loyalty. Weaknesses Entering the Niche market with the premium price strategies, which can considered as Apple’s weakness. The price wars between competitors will also affect to Apple’s profits. Moreover, the company’s target market selection is â€Å"Market specialization† then it quite limits the market share cause products provided by Apple meet the demand of middle/ upper class and people are interested in innovation technology. Reference Mr. Francois Simon’s lecture and materials http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/business-studies/comments/nokia-and-strategic-change-the-essential-a2-business-case http://theapplephenomenon.blogspot.fi/ http://www.brandfinance.com/images/upload/bf_g500_2012_web_dp.pdf http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/mckenna.html http://www.wpp.com/wpp/press/press/default.htm?guid={92b52c53-fc68-45e0-aaea-34fe6fbd769b} http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=100071977 http://www.saleschase.com/blog/2012/04/03/little-known-secrets-of-apples-pricing-strategy/ http://www.saleschase.com/blog/2012/03/13/the-best-of-apples-marketing-strategies/ http://blog.openviewpartners.com/apples-marketing-strategy-history-repeats-itself/ http://blogs.gartner.com/eric-knipp/2009/09/28/cost-leadership-and-differentiation/ http://www.slideshare.net/kaushiik10/apple-inc-marketin-and-distribution-strategy

A Brief Note On Brush And Floss, That s How It Goes !

Brush and Floss, That’s How It Goes! 1.Dentistry was not something I wanted to be when I was young. It was actually this year that I changed my mind and decided it was something I really wanted to achieve. Dentists are hard working and very patient. It takes time and effort becoming one, it’s not just about being in an office. In order for someone to become a dentist, there are many requirements. It’s a challenge, but it’s worth it! 2.Dentist’s are a great significance to the world. According to U.S News â€Å"Dentists identify and treat problems concerning a patient’s mouth, gum, and teeth† (Dentist Overview). You have to be extremely responsible and know what you’re doing. There are many different types of dentist, some choose to specialize†¦show more content†¦Dentists are required to do many work. They go from gathering data for diagnosis, providing information about oral disease and prevention, screening and charti ng orals, monitoring individuals oral health, to removing decay teeth and filling cavities, examining x-rays of teeth and gums and repair cracked or fractured teeth. 6. According to â€Å"Dentists., â€Å"All dental schools require applicants to have completed a certain science course, such as biology and chemistry, before entering dental school†(Bureau of Labor Statistics) they also need a bachelor’s degree in order to enter certain dental schools. There are many opportunities all around the world, many dentists may work in their own private dental office or even for a local health department. 7.They can work full time, some dentists even work on the weekends! 10/13.Some major satisfaction and financial rewards in becoming a dentist is getting payed well. Dentists are one of the most payed jobs in the United States. The more demand for better looking teeth and cleansing, causes the demand for dentists to grow. This causes more jobs to be opened, and more opportunities to those who are barely graduating from dental schools, â€Å"due to improved technology and consistent dental care, young people are experiencing fewer dental problems† (Is Dental School In Your Future). A recent college graduate would make a little less than the average dentist makes and a person with five years ofShow MoreRelatedCase Study Essay33967 Words   |  136 PagesView Nursing Assessment: Medications Taken at Home Enalapril (Vasotec) 5 mg PO bid Pioglitazone (Actos) 45 mg PO every morning Furosemide (Lasix) 40 mg/day PO Potassium chloride 20 mEq/day PO 2. Which of these medications may have contributed to M.G.s heart failure? Explain. Thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone, may increase the risk of heart failure and should not be used in patients with symptoms of heart failure. They commonly cause peripheral edema and weight gain (which are the result of