Comparing the City in the United States and Canada

Canadian and American cities may appear remarkably similar. They both display great ethnic diversity, impressive transportation infrastructure, high socioeconomic status, and sprawl. However, when the generalizations of these traits are broken down, it reveals a multitude of urban contrasts. Sprawl in the United States and Canada In contrast, even when controlling for population data from annexed territory, six of the ten largest Canadian cities saw a population explosion from 1971-2001 (the Canadian census was conducted one year after U.S. census), with Calgary experiencing the largest growth at 118%. Four cities did experience population declines, but none to the extent of their U.S. counterparts. Toronto, Canadas largest city lost only 5% of its population. Montreal experienced the steepest decline, but at 18%, it still pales in comparison to the 44% loss incurred by cities like St. Louis, Missouri. The difference between the intensity of sprawl in America and Canada has to do with the countries divergent approaches to urban development. American metropolitan areas are heavily centered around the automobile, while Canadian areas are more focused on public transit and pedestrian traffic. Transportation Infrastructure in the United States and Canada Unlike their neighbors to the south, Canada only has 648,000 miles of total roads. Their highways stretch just over 10,500 miles, less than nine percent of total United States road mileage. Noted, Canada only has one-tenth the population and much of its land is uninhabited or under permafrost. But nevertheless, Canadian metropolitan areas are not nearly as centered on the automobile as their American neighbors. Instead, the average Canadian is more than twice as likely to utilize public transportation, which contributes to its urban centralization and overall higher density. All seven of Canadas largest cities display public transit ridership in the double digits, in comparison to just two in the entire United States (Chicago 11%, NYC 25%). According to the Canadian Urban Transit Association (CUTA), there are over 12,000 active buses and 2,600 rail vehicles across Canada. Canadian cities also resemble more closely to the European style of smart growth urban design, which advocates co mpact, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly land use. Thanks to its less-motorized infrastructure, Canadians on average walk twice as often as their American counterparts and bike three times the miles. Ethnic Diversity in the United States and Canada Although minority urban development has its similarities in the United States and Canada, their demographic and level of integration differs. One divergence is the discourse of the American melting pot versus the Canadian cultural mosaic. In the United States, most immigrants usually assimilate themselves rather quickly into their parent society, while in Canada, ethnic minorities tend to remain more culturally and geographically distinctive, at least for a generation or two. There is also a demographic dissimilarity between the two countries. In the United States, Hispanics (15.1%) and Blacks (12.8%) are the two dominate minority groups. The Latino cultural landscape can be seen throughout many southern cities, where Spanish urban designs are most prevalent. Spanish is also now the second most widely spoken and written language in the United States. This, of course, is the result of Americas geographic proximity to Latin America. In contrast, Canadas largest minority groups, excluding the French, are South Asians (4%) and Chinese (3.9%). The extensive presence of these two minority groups is attributed to their colonial connection to Great Britain. A vast majority of the Chinese are emigrants from Hong Kong, who fled the island in sizable numbers just prior its 1997 handover to communist China. Many of these immigrants are affluent and they have purchased a great deal of property throughout Canadas metropolitan areas. As a result, unlike in the United States where ethnic enclaves are usually found exclusively in the central city, Canadian ethnic enclaves have now spread into the suburbs. This ethnic invasion-succession has dramatically altered the cultural landscape and galvanized social tensions in Canada. Sources: CIA World Factbook (2012). Country profile: USA. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html CIA World Factbook (2012). Country profile: Canada. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html Lewyn, Michael. Sprawl in Canada and the United States. Graduate Department of Law: University of Toronto, 2010

The Police Discretion And Criminal Justice System Essay

Reforming the Police Discretion Criminal justice system has three main subsystems: police, courts and corrections. Each subsystem has its particular duties, but they work together to meet the goals: doing justice, controlling crime and preventing crime (Cole, Smith, DeJong, 2015). Although this system had been built for a long time ago, continuously, some of its policies need to be reconsidered and reformed to suit the society with various situations. One of the characteristics that exercised by different levels in the criminal justice system, from police to correctional officials, is discretion. This characteristic also receives both supports and oppositions. In this paper, I will focus on an aspect of discretion in police. I believe that police discretion is very important, hence, it needs to be reformed by expanding its level. Police discretion is a freedom in decision-making, allows a police to judge, decide and treat an individual case without strictly following the rules or la ws. Police discretion is influenced by five factors: the nature of crime, the relationship between the alleged criminal and the victim, the relationship between the police and the criminal or the victim, race/ethnicity, age, gender, class, and departmental policy (Cole, Smith, DeJong, 2015)/ (subsequent citations: (Cole et al., 2015) . In the first factor, a police pays more attention to serious crime or areas with high rate of crimes, and vice versa. In the second factor, a police appliesShow MoreRelatedPolice Discretion And The Criminal Justice System Essay2078 Words   |  9 Pages Police discretion is widely considered a vague term that has an appropriately vague definition. It is defined as the decision-making power afforded to police officers that allows these individuals to decide if they want to pursue police procedure or simply let someone off with a warning (Beckett, 2016). It is an important enforcement option in policing and plays a key role in our criminal justice sys tem here in Canada. Examples of when discretion is used include: traffic violations, youth crimeRead MoreDiscretion Of The Criminal Justice System1509 Words   |  7 PagesDiscretion, undoubtedly plays a massive role and is implemented in various aspects of the system. But what is discretion? Discretion, as defined in Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, is merely the freedom to choose among different options when confronted with the need to make a decision. As significant part of the criminal justice system in Canada, being a police officers â€Å"involves the use of a significant amount of discretion† (McKillop Pfeifer, 2004) . Due to the portrayal of the police byRead MoreLegal - Discretion in the Legal System Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the role of discretion in the criminal justice system. As a society we believe that offenders should be held accountable for their actions but also treated fairly in the criminal investigation, trial process and sentencing. As a result of this, the power of discretion, that is the ability to choose from a range of options, is granted to some authorities ensure some flexibility for decision making within the system, enabling a more holistic outcome for all parties involved. The issuesRead More Criminal Justice System Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pagesenforcement, namely enacting the law, police discretion, and assessment of criminal behavior. Different entities create and enact laws that are specific for the societies those laws represent. In the United States the criminal justice system is broken down into two models, the Consensus model and the Conflict model. The procedure of achieving justice is comprised on three basic levels: policing, justice, and corrections. The two models of criminal justice system are influenced by a plethora of factorsRead MoreThe Public Idea Of Discretion1220 Words   |  5 Pages(2011) describe the public idea of discretion as a very misunderstood aspect of police work, therefore making the public’s opinions of police operations negative in some circumstances. Abdullah and Wells (2011) also highlight Packers crime control model saying that â€Å"A crime control model places high value on efficiency in apprehending and punishing offenders† and â€Å"to operate efficiently the officers must act quickly†. A more concise definition of police discretion is viewed by many law enforcementRead MoreCrime And Crime : The Criminal Justice System Essay1520 Words   |  7 P agesof criminal activity, legal processes of the criminal justice system, and how criminal offenders are processed. Canada’s criminal justice system comprises and constitutes various stages and components. The criminal justice system is a significant tool and entity in the proper and effective justifiable administration of justice. Also, the criminal justice system aims to adhere to different goals, principles, and provisions central to administration of justice and legal processes. The criminal justiceRead MorePolice Discretion1244 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Police Discretion Jocelyn Golphin University of the District of Columbia Criminal Justice System 2/21/2014 Golphin 2 Police discretion is a very important approach in matters concerning criminal justice. There has been a consistent problem between enforcing the law and the spirit of the law. Discretion in the broader sense can be defined as the individual’s ability to make a decision basing on the principle of courses of the action. During trainingRead MoreDiscretion Within The Criminal Justice Process1667 Words   |  7 PagesDiscretion in policing and the court system is a necessary and unavoidable facet of criminal justice work, yet it is still very controversial. Discretion exists when courtroom actors (police officers, attorneys, judges) have the flexibility to choose an appropriate response to a situation. Police discretion is defined as â€Å"The opportunity of law enforcement officers to exercise choice in their daily activities† (Nowacki, 2015). This means that actors with a great deal of discretion at their disposalRead MoreJustice Vs Police Discretion1457 Words   |  6 Pages Justice V. Police Discretion and the â€Å"legalities† that go with it Griffin C. Brown Charleston Southern University  Abstract This paper explores the inequality in our criminal justice system today. Several examples were cited from movies, textbooks, court cases and articles on the topics, bringing to light the controversy that our society is dealing with every day. Our police force and court systems are being manipulated by the use of money to influence outcomes in trials, and it provides a prejudicialRead MoreCode Of Conduct For Law Enforcement Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesEthics in Criminal Justice Assignment 1 Sydney E Vaughn CRJU 1400 Ethics and Cultural Perspectives in Criminal Justice Professor Stephen N. Knights Jr October 22, 2016 Contents Introduction 2 Police Ethics 2 Corruption 3 Police Corruption 3 Police Discretion in Ethics 4 Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement 4 Types of Police Corruption 4 Ethics in the Courtroom 5 Prosecuting Attorneys 5 Defense Attorneys 5 Ethics in Police Training 6 Closing 6 Introduction Ethics by definition states that

A Beginners Guide to Elasticity Price Elasticity of Demand

Elasticity is a term used a lot in economics to describe the way one thing changes in a given environment in response to another variable that has a changed value. For example, the quantity of a specific product sold each month changes in response to the manufacturer alters the products price.   A more abstract way of putting it that means pretty much the same thing is that elasticity measures the responsiveness (or you could also say the sensitivity) of one variable in a given environment -- again, consider the monthly sales of a patented pharmaceutical  -- to a change in another variable, which in this instance is a change in price. Often, economists speak of a demand curve,  where the relationship between price and demand varies depending upon how much or how little one of the two variables is changed.   Why the Concept is Meaningful Consider another world, not the one we live in, where the relationship between price and demand is always a fixed ratio.  The ratio could be anything but suppose for a moment that you have a product that sells X units every month at a price of Y. In this alternative world whenever you double the price (2Y), sales fall by half (X/2) and whenever you halve the price (Y/2), sales double (2X).   In such a world, thered be no necessity for the concept of elasticity because the relationship between price and quantity is a permanently fixed ratio. While in the real world economists and others deal with demand curves, here if you expressed it as a simple graph youd just have a straight line going upward to the right at a 45-degree angle. Double the price, half the demand; increase it by a quarter and the demand diminishes at the same rate.   As we know, however, that world is not our world. Lets take a look at a specific instance that demonstrates this and  illustrates why the concept of elasticity is meaningful and sometimes vital. Some Examples of Elasticity and Inelasticity Its not surprising when a manufacturer substantially increases a products price, that consumer demand should diminish. Many common items, such as aspirin, are widely available from any number of sources. In such cases, the products maker raises the price at its own risk -- if the price rises even a little, some shoppers might stay loyal to the specific brand -- at one time, Bayer  nearly had a lock on the U.S. aspirin market -- but many more consumers would probably seek the same product from another manufacturer at the lower price. In such instances, the demand for the product is highly elastic and such instances economists note a high  sensitivity of demand. But in other instances, the demand is not elastic at all. Water, for example, is usually supplied in any given municipality by a single quasi-governmental organization, often along with electricity. When something consumers use daily, such as electricity or water,  has a single source, the demand for the product may continue even as the price rises -- basically, because the consumer has no alternative.   Interesting 21st Century Complications Another strange phenomenon in price/demand elasticity in the 21st century has to do with the Internet. The New York Times has noted, for instance, that Amazon often changes prices in ways that are not directly responsive to demand, but rather to the ways consumers order the product -- a product that cost X when initially ordered may be filled at X-plus when reordered, often when the consumer has initiated automatic re-ordering. The actual demand, presumably, hasnt changed, but the price has. Airlines and other travel sites commonly change the price of a product based on an algorithmic estimation of some future demand, not a demand that actually exists when the price is  changed. Some travel sites, USA Today and others have noted, put a cookie on the consumers computer when the consumer  first inquires about the cost of a product; when the consumer checks again, the cookie raises the price, not in response to a general demand for the product, but in response to a single consumers expression of interest.   These situations do not at all invalidate the principle of price  elasticity of demand. If anything, they confirm it, but in interesting and complicated ways.  Ã‚   In summary:   Price/demand elasticity for common products is generally high.Price/demand elasticity where the good has only a single source or a very limited number of sources is typically low.External situations may create rapid changes in the price elasticity of demand for almost any product with low elasticity.Digital capabilities, such as demand pricing on the Internet, can affect price/demand in ways that were unknown in the 20th century. How to Express Elasticity as a Formula Elasticity, as an economics concept, can be applied to many different situations, each with its own variables. In this introductory article, weve briefly surveyed the concept of the  price elasticity of demand. Heres the formula:   Ã‚  Price Elasticity of Demand (PEoD) (% Change in Quantity Demanded/ (% Change in Price)

Edna Pontellier vs. Mrs. Mallard - 834 Words

In the short story, The Story of an Hour and the novel The Awakening, the author Kate Chopin uses the characters Mrs. Mallard and Edna to portray the lives of women in the 1800s. Both characters are very similar to one another, but the differences though a little abstract balance the similarities. Also the author uses nature to display both of the character’s feelings towards their dreams. Edna and Mrs. Mallard are both victims of the 1800s, they both show that by their displeasure in being married. Edna shows her displeasure in novel by frolicking around with other men, and by openly disagreeing with her husband which at that time was a social faux pas. Mrs. Mallard showed her displeasure by simply liking the fact that she was finally†¦show more content†¦She wants to love whomever she wishes and to do as she pleases. While the images are different for each woman because they are two different individuals, the author relies on these images to get the audience to unde rstand Edna’s and Mrs. Mallard’s pains. Kate Chopin’s message in both of these stories is the same. Chopin tries to send a message to women and to men about the oppression of women. She dislikes the idea that women are property and that they are to be kept at home to take care of the house and to be shown off like a porcelain doll. In The Awakening and The Story of an Hour, she expresses the idea that women want to be somebody and to bring something to the world. ( It is a commentary: if you want the bib. read the sctual

Business Law Essay - 2571 Words

1. Give an example of a case that would fall under diversity jurisdiction. Explain all of the key elements of such a case. A federal courts power to hear any case where the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 and no plaintiff shares a state of citizenship with any defendant. See 28 U.S.C.  § 1332(a). Diversity jurisdiction is one of the two main types of subject-matter jurisdiction in federal court. Definition from Nolo’s Plain-English Law Dictionary The power of the federal courts to decide civil disputes between citizens of different states, provided the amount the plaintiff seeks in damages exceeds an amount set by Congress (currently $75,000). The so-called citizens may include companies incorporated or doing business in different†¦show more content†¦At some stages, some appeals courts may hear oral arguments from the attorneys or even a hearing with witnesses, but most of it is on paper. Each appeals court can refuse the appeal, send it back for retrial for verdict or sentence only, or back to the lower appeals court for rehearing. But once its into appeal, the State can also appeal the appeals court rulings before anything else happens, and that makes it different from the trial where the State cant appeal a not guilty verdict. 4. Explain the process that takes place in the pleadings portion of the trial. Pleading Stage * Filing a Complaint - In civil proceedings the complaint is the official engagement of the plaintiff with the defense regarding the proposed injustice caused by the defense. This is a formal document submitted by the plaintiff to the court having jurisdiction over the complaint. * Summons - Notification by the court in which the complaint is filed as an action being brought against the defense. Service of the summons typically requires a response from the defense within a 30-day period. No response from the defense can trigger a default judgment for the plaintiff. * Motions to Dismiss - These are the defenses response or answers to the plaintiffs complaint. The responses are typically filed as motions and are intended to dismiss the claims expressed in the complaint. * Motion for Judgment - Following the defendants response toShow MoreRelatedBusiness Law And Ethics : Backoffice Business Brief1862 Words   |  8 Pages Running head: BACKOFFICE BUSINESS BRIEF 1 Business Law and Ethics BackOffice Business Brief Patten University BACKOFFICE BUSINESS BRIEF 2 Constitutional Rights and Guarantees BackOffice is a new startup business that will provide potential clients with an application (app) that woul d automate certain business functions. BackOffice will be selling the app to certain business clients that will use it to facilitate their customers’ transactions. It is important that the owner of this companyRead MoreLegal Underpinnings of Business Law Essay609 Words   |  3 PagesLegal Underpinnings of Business Law OMM 670: Legal Environment February 25, 2013 Legal Underpinnings of Business Law Business | Type of Business | Liability Exposure | Compare | Contrast | Tinker’s Home Security Service | Sole proprietorship | Unlimited | Monetary rewards are from both the Proprietor amp; business | Sole Liability | Tinker amp; Tailor’s Home Security Service | General partnership | Unlimited | All partners are responsible whether silent or active | If you areRead MoreLaw 531 Business Forms Worksheet1386 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Business Forms Worksheet There are seven forms of business: sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability partnership, limited liability company (including the single member LLC), S Corporation, Franchise, and Corporation. 1. Research and provide three advantages and three disadvantages for each business form. 2. Provide a 100- to 200-word summary in which you provide an example business that you would start for each form. What is legally necessary toRead MoreBusiness Law3143 Words   |  13 Pages2012 – OCTOBER SEMESTER 2012 STUDENT NAME: CHU THI HONG TUYEN ID No.: 2448481 BMLW5103 – BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT Question 1 Discuss the enforceability of an agreement which lacks consideration. Using legal authorities (relevant statutes and cases) to support your discussion. Answer: A valid contract is an agreement made between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations that are enforced by law. What does the consideration mean? And what does it effect to the agreement? 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The issue of this case will be whether James can hold Happy Holiday Hotel responsible for the loss of his property notwithstanding the exemption clause found in the hotel rooms. Under the Exemption Clauses in Common Law, it states that in order for this clause to be valid, the clause must be included in the contract when the contract is made. If there is any attempt to include it in after theRead MoreBusiness Law1088 Words   |  5 Pagesconditional constitute consideration? Yes, such a promise consideration even if the condition is unlikely to occur. 3. What is the general rule about the adequacy of consideration? The adequacy of the consideration is irrelevant because the law does not prohibit bargains. 5. Is there consideration when a secured note for a lesser amount is given and accepted in discharge of an unsecured note for a greater amount? Explain. 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Floods in India free essay sample

Floods are caused by weather phenomena and events that deliver more precipitation to a drainage basin than can be readily absorbed or stored within the basin. Acre-foot. Volume of water required to cover 1 acre of land (43,560 square feet) to a depth of 1 foot; equivalent to 325,851 gallons. Cubic feet per second (ft? /s). A unit of measurement expressing rates of  discharge. One cubic foot per second is equal to thedischarge  of a stream of rectangular cross section, 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep, flowing water an average velocity of 1 foot per second. Equivalent to 448. 8 gallons per minute. Discharge. Rate of flowa volume of fluid passing a point per unit time, commonly expressed in  cubic feet per second, million gallons per day, or gallons per minute. Drainage basin. A part of the surface of the Earth that is occupied by a drainage system, which consists of a surface stream or a body of impounded  surface water  together with all tributary surface streams and bodies of impounded  surface water. We will write a custom essay sample on Floods in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Land area drained by a stream or river. Flash flood.The result of heavy or excessive amounts of rainfall within a short period of time, usually less than 6 hours, causing water to rise and fall quite rapidly. Flood. An overflow or inundation that comes from a river or other body of water and causes or threatens damage. Any relatively high  streamflow  overtopping the natural or artificial banks in any reach of a stream. Flood frequency. Refers to a flood level that has a specified percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. For example, a 100-year flood occurs  on average  once every 100 years and thus has a 1-percent chance of occurring in a given year.Flood plain. A strip of relatively flat-lying land that borders a stream and is underlain by sediment carried by the stream and dropped in the slack water beyond the influence of the swiftest current. Flood stage. The  stage  at which overflow of the natural  streambanks  begins to cause damage in the reach in which the elevation is measured. Flood stages for each USGS gaging station are usually provided by the National Weather Service. Gage datum. An arbitrary datum plane that is established for a particular gaging station to which water-surface elevations can be compared.Gage height. See  Stage. Gaging station. A site on a stream, canal, lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of gage height or waterdischarge  are obtained by a gage, recorder, or similar equipment. Peak stage. The maximum height of a water surface above an established datum. Same as peak gage height. Precipitation. Rain, snow, hail, or sleet. Real-time data. Data collected by automated instrumentation and telemetered and analyzed quickly enough to influence a decision that affects the monitoring system. Recurrence interval.The average interval of time within which the magnitude of a given event, such as a flood, will be equaled or exceeded one time. Stage. The height of a water surface above an established datum. Used interchangeably with gage height. Streambank. The margins of a stream channel. Banks are called right and left as viewed facing the direction of flow. Streamflow. The discharge or flow that occurs in a natural channel. Although the term discharge can be applied to the flow of a canal, the word streamflow uniquely describes the discharge in a surface stream course. Surface runoff.That part of the runoff that travels over the soil surface to the nearest stream channel. It also is defined as that part of the runoff of a drainage basin that has not passed beneath the surface following precipitation. Surface water. Water on the surface of the Earth. Water year. The water year deals with the surface-water supply for a 12-month period, October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes 9 out of the 12 months. Thus, the year ending September 30, 1999, is called the 1999 water year. NOTE:  Some definitions were excerpted from other sources. Terms 1. Current and historic stream water levels are reported as stage above a gage datum or as water-surface elevation above sea level. which is the addition of the stage to the gage datum.

The influence of Christianity free essay sample

The Influence of Christianity on the Western countries Western Culture refers to the culture that has developed in the western world, while traditional western culture is said to have been created by three main historical factors: Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, and Christianity. For the important role Ancient Greece and Roman Empire in human Civilization, the influence ot them on the western culture Is easily to be understood. However, In which aspects, or how Chrlstlanlty, the religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, Influenced western culture? In this article, I will discuss some Influence of Christianity on the estern culture. Firstly, during Middle Ages, Christianity played a very important part in uniting the Europe confronted with chaos. Europe, especially the western part reached more understanding and agreement in culture thanks to Christianity. It made a great difference in shaping the general morality at that time. Moreover, the spirit of chrlstlanlty profoundly affected the clvlllzlng of the Germans. We will write a custom essay sample on The influence of Christianity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Generally. the whole social values of the western world have been Influenced by the thought of Christianity. Secondly, Christianity made contributions to the classical culture or in ther words to the reconstruction of the classical civilization. Christianity was the only organization realizing the significance of Greek and Roman culture when the priceless classical culture was in the greatest danger of extinction. Much classical works had been copied, protected and then carried forward by chrlstlanlty. It Is not only meaningful to the grand classical culture but also to the development of the whole human race in terms of civilization. Besides, a new branch of sub]ect scholasticism, which is thought to be an essential section of philosophy was started nd stimulated by Christianity-Thirdly, since there were no public schools then; it is Christianity that took the responsibility of education in the society. In addition, along the early phase ot Middle Ages. most ot the common people were illiterate, Christians were the very group able to save and spread culture, Besides, all the schools then were founded by Christianity, it Is never too much to perceive the Importance of Its role in education. Their students could study seven liberal arts derived from Greek and Roman culture which served to pass on the spirit of Christianity. And because Christianitys leading position in Middle Ages, literature took the church literature as its mainstay with the majority of writers being Christians. Through literature Christianity reaffirmed Its status in Middle Ages, While speaking ot art, Christianity made Its unique Influence. The chrlsuan Art was creauve with Its own Impressive characteristics. The highest achievement In art Is believed to be In construction. With the church becoming the center of peoples life, building churches gained more and more attention and support. Nymphaeum and Gothic architecture are two distinguished innovations in architecture. The master work like cathedral of Pisa best conveyed the involving charms of nymphaeum: and Notre Dame de Paris represented higher elegance and grandness than the former ot Gothlc architecture. The art of painting n Middle Ages was also born under the Influence of Christlanlty. The themes of paintings at that time are all concerned with Christianity. Though, finally paintings more related to the reality appeared, we cant deny the impact of organization. And in many ways, Christianity served as government to help people, which laid a foundation of its irreplaceable position. All in all, Christianity has played an important role in western culture. Jesus Christ was one of the most influential persons in human history, and his preaching of salvation, redemption and immortality not only affected the social structure, the humanistic spirit and the morality but also their literature, philosophy and other aspects. Besides, in order to educate its clergy, the Roman Catholic Church founded many seminaries throughout Europe. These, in turn, grew into todays universities and colleges. Nearly as monasticism, Christianity has great influence on the western culture.